Ilt3 binding molecules and uses therefor

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides binding molecules that specifically bind to ILT3, e.g., human ILT3 (hILT3), on antigen presenting cells, such as for example, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC), e.g., monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). The binding molecules of the invention are characterized by binding to hILT3 with high affinity and downmodulating immune responses in vitro, e.g., downmodulating alloimmune responses; the production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells, e.g., monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC); the upregulation of costimulatory molecules by DC, e.g., MDDC; and/or calcium flux in monocytes. In addition, the binding molecules upregulate the expression of inhibitory receptors on dendritic cells, e.g., immature dendritic cells. Surprisingly, these same binding molecules which downmodulate immune responses in vitro, are immunostimulatory in vivo. 
     Various aspects of the invention relate to binding molecules, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Methods of using the binding molecules of the invention to detect human ILT3 or to modulate human ILT3 activity, either in vitro or in vivo, are also encompassed by the invention.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/471,397, filed Jun. 19, 2006, now pending, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/691,912, filed Jun. 17, 2005, now expired, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/723,340, filed Oct. 5, 2005, now expired.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The sequence listing of the present application is submitted electronically via EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with a file name “23749_US_DIV_SEQLIST.TXT”, creation date of Sep. 5, 2014, and a size of 39 KB. This sequence listing submitted via EFS-Web is part of the specification and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) 3 is a cell surface molecule that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. ILT3 is selectively expressed by myeloid antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC). The cytoplasmic region of ILT3 contains putative immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). Co-ligation of ILT3 to stimulatory receptors expressed by APCs results in a blunting of the increased [Ca2+] flux and tyrosine phosphorylation triggered by these receptors. Signal extinction involves SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1, which is recruited by ILT3 upon cross-linking. ILT3 can also function in antigen capture and presentation. It is efficiently internalized upon cross-linking and delivers its ligand to an intracellular compartment where it is processed and presented to T cells (Cella, et al. (1997) J. Exp. Med. 185:1743-1751).

Thus, ILT3 is an inhibitory receptor that can negatively regulate activation of APCs and can be used by APCs for antigen uptake. The development of agents useful in modulating signaling via ILT3 would be of great benefit in modulating immune responses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides binding molecules that specifically bind to ILT3, e.g., human ILT3 (hILT3), on cells, such as antigen presenting cells, e.g., monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, e.g., monocyte-derived dendritic cells. The binding molecules of the invention are characterized by binding to hILT3 with high affinity and downmodulating immune cell activation in vitro, e.g., downmodulating alloimmune responses; the production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells, e.g., monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC); the upregulation of costimulatory molecules by DC, e.g., MDDC; and/or calcium flux in monocytes. In addition, the binding molecules upregulate the expression of inhibitory receptors on dendritic cells, e.g., immature dendritic cells. Surprisingly, these same binding molecules which downmodulate immune cell activation in vitro, are immunostimulatory in vivo, e.g., upmodulate immune responses.

Accordingly, one aspect of the invention features a binding molecule comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.

In another aspect, the invention features a binding molecule comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

Yet another aspect of the invention features a binding molecule comprising at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:5. In one embodiment, the binding molecule comprises at least two complementarity determining region (CDR) amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:5. In another embodiment, the binding molecule comprises at least three complementarity determining region (CDR) amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:5.

Another aspect of the invention features a binding molecule comprising at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8. In one embodiment, the binding molecule comprises at least two complementarity determining region (CDR) amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8. In another embodiment, the binding molecule comprises at least three complementarity determining region (CDR) amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8.

Another aspect of the invention features a binding molecule comprising the CDRs shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3-8.

One aspect of the invention features a binding molecule comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and further comprising a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

Another aspect of the invention features a binding molecule that binds to ILT3 on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) and has a binding constant (Kd) of 0.9×10⁻⁹ or less.

In one embodiment, the binding molecule downmodulates immune cell activation in vitro.

In another embodiment, the binding molecule upmodulates immune response in vivo.

In yet another embodiment, the constant region of the binding molecule comprises an IgG1 heavy chain constant region.

In one embodiment, the binding molecule binds to human ILT3 on dendritic cells

In another embodiment, the binding molecule binds to human ILT3 on monocytes.

In yet another embodiment, the binding molecule downmodulates the production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells in vitro.

In one embodiment, the binding molecule downmodulates the upregulation of costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells in vitro.

In another embodiment, the binding molecule upmodulates the expression of inhibitory receptors on dendritic cells in vitro.

In one embodiment, the binding molecule is a mouse antibody.

In another embodiment, the binding molecule is a humanized antibody.

In yet another embodiment, the binding molecule is a chimeric antibody.

Another aspect of the invention features a composition comprising a binding molecule of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one additional therapeutic agent which upmodulates an immune response in a subject.

One aspect of the invention features a method for upmodulating an immune response in a subject, comprising contacting a cell from the subject with an anti-ILT3 antibody that inhibits immune cell activation in vitro.

Another aspect of the invention features a method for downmodulating transplant rejection in a subject, comprising contacting a cell from the subject with a binding molecule of the invention, and re-introducing the cell into the subject at the time of or prior to transplantation such that transplant rejection in a subject is downmodulated.

Yet another aspect of the invention features a method for treating cancer in a subject, comprising contacting a cell with a binding molecule of the invention, such that cancer is treated in a subject.

In one embodiment, the type of cancer is selected from the group consisting of: pancreatic cancer, melanomas, breast cancer, lung cancer, bronchus cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, pancreas cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, urinary bladder cancer, brain or central nervous system cancer, peripheral nervous system cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, uterine or endometrial cancer, cancer of the oral cavity or pharynx, liver cancer, kidney cancer, testicular cancer, biliary tract cancer, small bowel or appendix cancer, salivary gland cancer, thyroid gland cancer, adrenal gland cancer, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and cancer of hematological tissues.

One aspect of the invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9.

Another aspect of the invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.

Yet another aspect of the invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding at least one CDR selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, and SEQ ID NO:13. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises at least two CDRs. In another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises three CDRs.

Another aspect of the invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding at least one CDR selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:14 SEQ ID NO:15 and SEQ ID NO:16. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises at least two CDRs. In another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises three CDRs.

One aspect of the invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 11-16.

One aspect of the invention features a recombinant expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecules of the invention. In one embodiment, a recombinant expression vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence encoding the binding molecule of the invention is featured. In another embodiment, the invention features a host cell into which the recombinant expression vector of the invention has been introduced. In another aspect the invention features a method for producing a binding molecule that binds human ILT3, comprising culturing the host cell of the invention in a culture medium until a binding molecule that binds human ILT3 is produced by the cell.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph demonstrating that monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) differentiated in the presence of 9B11 exhibit a lower expression of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD86, CD80, CD83 and HLA-DR, as measured by flow cytometry.

FIG. 2 is a graph demonstrating that MDDCs were unable to generate an allogenic T cell response in a mixed lymphocyte reaction.

FIGS. 3A-3E are graphs demonstrating that MDDCs cultured in the presence of 9B11 are unable to produce IL-12, TNFα or IL-1α when stimulated with LPS.

FIG. 4 is a graph demonstrating that freshly isolated blood dendritic cells incubated with 9B11 were unable to fully upregulate the expression of co-stimulatory molecules when a cocktail of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, and PGE) are used to mature the cells.

FIGS. 5A-5E show that addition of 9B11 to monocytes, induced by activating an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in CD32, inhibits Ca+2 flux.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides binding molecules that specifically bind to ILT3, e.g., human ILT3 (hILT3), on antigen presenting cells, such as for example, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC), e.g., monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). The binding molecules of the invention are characterized by binding to hILT3 with high affinity and downmodulating immune responses in vitro, e.g., downmodulating alloimmune responses; the production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells, e.g., monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC); the upregulation of costimulatory molecules by DC, e.g., MDDC; and/or calcium flux in monocytes. In addition, the binding molecules upregulate the expression of inhibitory receptors on dendritic cells, e.g., immature dendritic cells. Surprisingly, these same binding molecules which downmodulate immune responses in vitro, are immunostimulatory in vivo.

Various aspects of the invention relate to binding molecules, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Methods of using the binding molecules of the invention to detect human ILT3 or to modulate human ILT3 activity, either in vitro or in vivo, are also encompassed by the invention.

In order that the present invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined.

I. DEFINITIONS

The term “immunoglobulin-like transcript 3” (abbreviated herein as “ILT3” or “hILT3”, and also known as CD85k), as used herein, refers to the human member of the immunoglobulin superfamily which is selectively expressed by myeloid antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, e.g., monocyte-derived dendritic cells differentiated in the presence of IL-10 or vitamin D₃. The ILT3 protein is a transmembrane protein of 447 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of ˜47 kD. The amino terminal portion of the ILT3 protein begins with a hydrophobic signal peptide of 23 amino acids followed by an extracellular region composed of two C2 type immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Each domain shows two characteristic cysteines that are 49 and 50 residues apart from each other, flanked by conserved residues (Val-x-Leu/Ile-x-Cys and His/Tyr-x-Gly-x-Tyr-x-Cys-Tyr/Phe, respectively, where x is any amino acid). The putative transmembrane domain of ILT3 consists of 21 amino acids, followed by a long cytoplasmic region of 167 amino acids, which is characterized by the presence of one Tyr-x-x-Val motif followed by two Tyr-x-x-Leu motifs spaced by 26 amino acid residues. These Tyr-x-x-Leu pairs and their spacing are reminiscent of the Tyr-x-x-Leu motifs (also referred to as immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs or ITIMs) identified in KIRs (natural-killer cell Ig receptors) as binding sites for protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1.

The putative immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs in the cytoplasmic region of ILT3 suggest an inhibitory function of ILT3. As such, ILT3 behaves as an inhibitory receptor when cross-linked to a stimulatory receptor.

The nucleic acid sequence of human (hILT3) ILT3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 and the amino acid sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:18.

The term “binding molecule” as used herein includes molecules that contain at least one antigen binding site that specifically binds to ILT3. By “specifically binds” it is meant that the binding molecules exhibit essentially background binding to non-ILT3 molecules. An isolated binding molecule that specifically binds ILT3 may, however, have cross-reactivity to ILT3 molecules from other species.

The binding molecules of the invention may comprise an immunoglobulin heavy chain of any isotype (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY), class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule. Binding molecules may have both a heavy and a light chain. As used herein, the term binding molecule also includes, antibodies (including full length antibodies), monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), human, humanized or chimeric antibodies, and antibody fragments, e.g., Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, epitope-binding fragments of any of the above, and engineered forms of antibodies, e.g., scFv molecules, so long as they exhibit the desired activity, e.g., binding to ILT3.

An “antigen” is an entity (e.g., a proteinaceous entity or peptide) to which a binding molecule specifically binds.

The term “epitope” or “antigenic determinant” refers to a site on an antigen to which a binding molecule specifically binds. Epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically retained on exposure to denaturing solvents whereas epitopes formed. by tertiary folding are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents. An epitope typically includes at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation. Methods of determining spatial conformation of epitopes include, for example, X-ray crystallography and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. See, e.g., Epitope Mapping Protocols in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 66, G. E. Morris, Ed. (1996).

Binding molecules that recognize the same epitope can be identified in a simple immunoassay showing the ability of one antibody to block the binding of another antibody to a target antigen, i.e., a competitive binding assay. Competitive binding is determined in an assay in which the binding molecule being tested inhibits specific binding of a reference binding molecule to a common antigen, such as ILT3. Numerous types of competitive binding assays are known, for example: solid phase direct or indirect radioimmunoassay (RIA); solid phase direct or indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA) sandwich competition assay (see Stahli et al., Methods in Enzymology 9:242 (1983)); solid phase direct biotin-avidin EIA (see Kirkland et al., J. Immunol. 137:3614 (1986)); solid phase direct labeled assay, solid phase direct labeled sandwich assay (see Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1988)); solid phase direct label RIA using I-125 label (see Morel et al., Mol. Immunol. 25(1):7 (1988)); solid phase direct biotin-avidin EIA (Cheung et al., Virology 176:546 (1990)); and direct labeled RIA. (Moldenhauer et al., Scand. J. Immunol. 32:77 (1990)). Typically, such an assay involves the use of purified antigen bound to a solid surface or cells bearing either of these, an unlabeled test binding molecule and a labeled reference binding molecule. Competitive inhibition is measured by determining the amount of label bound to the solid surface or cells in the presence of the test binding molecule. Usually the test binding molecule is present in excess. Usually, when a competing binding molecule is present in excess, it will inhibit specific binding of a reference binding molecule to a common antigen by at least 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70% 70-75% or more.

An epitope is also recognized by immunologic cells, for example, B cells and/or T cells. Cellular recognition of an epitope can be determined by in vitro assays that measure antigen-dependent proliferation, as determined by ³H-thymidine incorporation, by cytokine secretion, by antibody secretion, or by antigen-dependent killing (cytotoxic T lymphocyte assay).

The term “monoclonal binding molecule” as used herein refers to a binding molecule obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous binding molecules. Monoclonal binding molecules are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal binding molecule preparations which typically include different binding molecules directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal binding molecule is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. The modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the binding molecule as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of binding molecules, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the binding molecule by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal binding molecules to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler, et al., Nature 256:495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). The “monoclonal binding molecules” may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson, et al., Nature 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol Biol. 222:581-597 (1991), for example.

The term “chimeric binding molecule” refers to a binding molecule comprising amino acid sequences derived from different species. Chimeric binding molecules can be constructed, for example by genetic engineering, from binding molecule gene segments belonging to different species.

The monoclonal binding molecules herein specifically include “chimeric” binding molecules in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in binding molecules derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in binding molecules derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such binding molecules, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855 (1984)). e.g., binding to human ILT3 (hILT3).

Both the light and heavy chains are divided into regions of structural and functional homology. The terms “constant” and “variable” are used functionally. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the variable domains of both the light (VL) and heavy (VH) chain portions determine antigen recognition and specificity. Conversely, the constant domains of the light chain (CL) and the heavy chain (CH1, CH2 or CH3) confer important biological properties such as secretion, transplacental mobility, Fc receptor binding, complement binding, and the like. By convention the numbering of the constant region domains increases as they become more distal from the antigen binding site or amino-terminus of the antibody. The N-terminus is a variable region and at the C-terminus is a constant region; the CH3 and CL domains actually comprise the carboxy-terminus of the heavy and light chain, respectively.

A “variable region” when used in reference to a binding molecule refers to the amino terminal portion of a binding molecule which confers antigen binding onto the molecule and which is not the constant region. The term includes complementarity determining regions and framework regions. The term also includes functional fragments thereof which maintain some or all of the binding function of the whole variable region.

The term “hypervariable region” when used herein refers to the regions of a binding molecule variable domain which are hypervariable in sequence and/or form structurally defined loops. The hypervariable region comprises amino acid residues from a “complementarity determining region” or “CDR”.

As used herein, the term “CDR” or “complementarity determining region” means the noncontiguous antigen combining sites found within the variable region of both heavy and light chain polypeptides. These particular regions have been described by Kabat, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6609-6616 (1977) and Kabat, et al., Sequences of protein of immunological interest. (1991), and by Chothia, et al., J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987) and by MacCallum, et al., J. Mol. Biol. 262:732-745 (1996) where the definitions include overlapping or subsets of amino acid residues when compared against each other. Preferably, the Kabat definition is used to describe a CDR of a binding molecule of the invention. Nevertheless, application of either definition to refer to a CDR of a binding molecule or grafted binding molecule or variants thereof is within the scope of the term as defined and used herein.

As used herein, the term “framework region” or “FR” means each domain of the framework that is separated by the CDRs. Therefore, a variable region framework is between about 100-120 amino acids in length but refers only those amino acids outside of the CDRs.

“Humanized” forms of non-human (e.g., murine) binding molecules are chimeric antibodies which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human binding molecule. For the most part, humanized binding molecules are human binding molecules (acceptor/recipient binding molecule) in which residues from a hyper-variable region are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor binding molecule) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some instances, Fv framework region (FR) residues of the human binding molecule are altered, e.g., replaced by, substituted, or backmutated to corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore, humanized binding molecules may comprise residues which are not found in the recipient binding molecule or in the donor binding molecule. These modifications are generally made to further refine binding molecule performance. In general, the humanized binding molecule will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human binding molecule and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human binding molecule sequence. The humanized binding molecule optionally also will comprise at least a portion of a binding molecule constant region (Fc), typically that of a human binding molecule. For further details, see Jones, et al., Nature 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann, et al., Nature 332:323-329 (1988); and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol. 2:593-596 (1992).

Preferably, a binding molecule of the invention comprises at least one CDR selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:3 (GFAFSSYDMS (VH CDR1)), SEQ ID NO:4 (TISSSGSYTYYPDSVKG (VH CDR2)), SEQ ID NO:5 (LWGAMDY (VH CDR3)), SEQ ID NO:6 (RASQGLTNDLH (VL CDR1)), SEQ ID NO:7 (YASQSIS (VL CDR2)), and SEQ ID NO:8 (QQSNSWPFT (VL CDR3)).

The term “engineered” or “recombinant” binding molecule, as used herein includes binding molecules that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as binding molecules expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell, binding molecules isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial binding molecule library, binding molecules isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see e.g., Taylor, L. D., et al. (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20:6287-6295) or binding molecules prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of human binding molecule gene sequences to other DNA sequences. In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human binding molecules are subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the VH and VL regions of the recombinant binding molecules are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline VH and VL sequences, may not naturally exist within the human binding molecule germline repertoire in vivo.

An “isolated binding molecule”, as used herein, refers to a binding molecule that is substantially free of other binding molecules having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated binding molecule that specifically binds ILT3 is substantially free of binding molecules that specifically bind antigens other than ILT3). Moreover, an isolated binding molecule may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals. An “isolated” binding molecule is one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment include, e.g., materials which would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the binding molecule, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes. In preferred embodiments, the binding molecule will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of binding molecule as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain. Isolated binding molecules include binding molecules in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the binding molecule's natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated binding molecules will be prepared by at least one purification step.

As used herein the term “binding constant” “(kd)”, also referred to as “affinity constant”, is a measure of the extent of a reversible association between two molecular species includes both the actual binding affinity as well as the apparent binding affinity. The actual binding affinity is determined by calculating the ratio of the Kassoc in “M⁻¹S⁻¹” to the Kdissoc in S⁻¹ and has the units “M⁻¹”. Therefore, conferring or optimizing binding affinity includes altering either or both of these components to achieve the desired level of binding affinity. The apparent affinity can include, for example, the avidity of the interaction. For example, a bivalent heteromeric variable region binding fragment can exhibit altered or optimized binding affinity due to its valency. Binding affinity can be determined by measurement of surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using a BIAcore system.

The term “nucleic acid molecule”, as used herein, includes DNA molecules and RNA molecules. A nucleic acid molecule may be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably is double-stranded DNA.

The term “isolated nucleic acid molecule”, as used herein in reference to nucleic acids encoding binding molecules that bind ILT3, refers to a nucleic acid molecule in which the nucleotide sequences encoding the binding molecule are free of other nucleotide sequences which other sequences may naturally flank the nucleic acid in human genomic DNA. These sequences may optionally include 5′ or 3′nucleotide sequences important for regulation or protein stability.

The term “vector”, as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments may be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply, “expression vectors”). In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” may be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention includes such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.

The term “recombinant host cell” (or simply “host cell”), as used herein, refers to a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. It should be understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein.

As used herein, the term “T cell” (i.e., T lymphocyte) is includes cells within the T cell lineage, including thymocytes, immature T cells, mature T cells and the like, from a mammal (e.g., human). Preferably, T cells are mature T cells that express either CD4 or CD8, but not both, and a T cell receptor. The various T cell populations described herein can be defined based on their cytokine profiles and their function.

As used herein, a “professional antigen presenting cell” or “APC” is a cell that can present antigen in a form in which it can be recognized by cells. The cells that can “present” antigen include B cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells.

As used herein, the term “dendritic cell” or “DC” includes APCs capable of activating naïve T cells and stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells. DCs are lineage negative cells, i.e., they lack cell surface markers for T cells, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes/macrophages, however they strongly express various costimulatory molecules (e.g., CD86, CD80, CD83, and HLA-DR) and/or adhesion molecules. Dendritic cells can be subdivided into two main cell types, namely “myeloid-derived dendritic cells” (“MDDC”) and “plasmacytoid-derived dendritic cells” (“PDDC”). Cell surface markers, such as ILT3, can be used to distinguish the two dendritic cell lineages, as can the limited proliferative ability of PDDC. See, for example, Santiago-Schwartz, F. (2004) Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 30:115-134, incorporated herein by reference. Furthermore, DCs can also be divided into “immature DCs” and “mature DCs”. Immature DCs are specialized in antigen capture and processing, whereas mature DCs present antigen and have an increased T-cell stimulatory capacity. Immature DCs can be matured using art recognized techniques, such as culturing in the presence of an inflammatory cytokine cocktail.

As used herein, the term “naïve T cells” includes T cells that have not been exposed to cognate antigen and so are not activated or memory cells. Naïve T cells are not cycling and human naïve T cells are CD45RA+. If naïve T cells recognize antigen and receive additional signals depending upon but not limited to the amount of antigen, route of administration and timing of administration, they may proliferate and differentiate into various subsets of T cells, e.g. effector T cells.

As used herein, the term “memory T cell” includes lymphocytes which, after exposure to antigen, become functionally quiescent and which are capable of surviving for long periods in the absence of antigen. Human memory T cells are CD45RA−.

As used herein, the term “effector T cell” or “Teff cell” includes T cells which function to eliminate antigen (e.g., by producing cytokines which modulate the activation of other cells or by cytotoxic activity). The term “effector T cell” includes T helper cells (e.g., Th1 and Th2 cells) and cytotoxic T cells. Th1 cells mediate delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses and macrophage activation (e.g., cellular immune responses) while Th2 cells provide help to B cells and are critical in the allergic response (e.g., humoral immune responses) (Mosmann and Coffman, 1989, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7, 145-173; Paul and Seder, 1994, Cell 76, 241-251; Arthur and Mason, 1986, J. Exp. Med. 163, 774-786; Paliard, et al., 1988, J. Immunol. 141, 849-855; Finkelman, et al., 1988, J. Immunol. 141, 2335-2341).

As used herein, the term “T helper type 1 response” (Th1 response) refers to a response that is characterized by the production of one or more cytokines selected from IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF, and lymphotoxin (LT) and other cytokines produced preferentially or exclusively by Th1 cells rather than by Th2 cells. As used herein, a “T helper type 2 response” (Th2 response) refers to a response by CD4+ T cells that is characterized by the production of one or more cytokines selected from IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10, and that is associated with efficient B cell “help” provided by the Th2 cells (e.g., enhanced IgG1 and/or IgE production).

As used herein, the term “regulatory T cell” or “Treg cell “includes T cells which produce low levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-12. Regulatory T cells produce TNFα, TGFβ, IFN-γ, and IL-10, albeit at lower levels than effector T cells. Although TGFβ is the predominant cytokine produced by regulatory T cells, the cytokine is produced at levels less than or equal to that produced by Th1 or Th2 cells, e.g., an order of magnitude less than in Th1 or Th2 cells. Regulatory T cells can be found in the CD4+CD25+ population of cells (see, e.g., Waldmann and Cobbold. 2001. Immunity. 14:399). Regulatory T cells actively suppress the proliferation and cytokine production of Th1, Th2, or naïve T cells which have been stimulated in culture with an activating signal (e.g., antigen and antigen presenting cells or with a signal that mimics antigen in the context of MHC, e.g., anti-CD3 antibody, plus anti-CD28 antibody).

As used herein, the term “anergy” or “tolerance” includes refractivity to activating receptor-mediated stimulation. Such refractivity is generally antigen-specific and persists after exposure to the tolerizing antigen has ceased. For example, tolerance is characterized by lack of cytokine production, e.g., IL-2. Tolerance occurs when cells are exposed to antigen and receive a first signal (a T cell receptor or CD-3 mediated signal) in the absence of a second signal (a costimulatory signal) or by modulation, e.g., upmodulation of an inhibitory signal from an inhibitory receptor, such as, for example, ILT3. Under these conditions, reexposure of the cells to the same antigen (even if reexposure occurs in the presence of a costimulatory polypeptide) results in failure to produce cytokines and, thus, failure to proliferate. For example, tolerance is characterized by lack of cytokine production, e.g., IL-2, or can be assessed by use of a mixed lymphocyte culture assay. Tolerance can occur to self antigens or to foreign antigens.

As used herein, the term “inhibitory signal” refers to a signal transmitted via an inhibitory receptor (e.g., ILT3), e.g., on an immune cell, such as a DC, e.g., MDDC. Such a signal antagonizes a signal via an activating receptor (e.g., via a TCR, CD3, BCR, or Fc polypeptide). Transduction of a signal via an inhibitory receptor results in “downmodulation of immune cell activation” in vitro. Transmission of a regulatory signal which can result in, e.g., inhibition of second messenger generation; an inhibition of proliferation; an inhibition of effector function in the immune cell, e.g., reduced phagocytosis, reduced antibody production, reduced cellular cytotoxicity, the failure of the immune cell to produce mediators, (such as cytokines (e.g., IL-2) and/or mediators of allergic responses); or the development of tolerance.

In one embodiment, downmodulation of immune cell activation in vitro downmodulates an alloimmune response. As used herein, an “alloimune response” refers to an immune response that occurs between antigenically distinct cells. An allommune response can be measured utilizing a “mixed lymphocyte culture” or “mixed lymphocyte reaction” (“MLC” or “MLR”) which is a type of lymphocyte proliferation test in which lymphocytes, i.e., resting lymphocytes, i.e., lymphocytes that have not been stimulated, from two individuals (a stimulator and a responder), i.e., allogenic lymphocytes, are cultured together and the proliferative response (“mixed lymphocyte reaction”) is measured by ³H-labeled thymidine uptake and/or cytokine production. In one embodiment, the MLC is a primary MLC, i.e., responder cells are mixed with stimulator cells at, which may or may not have been inactivated by, e.g., gamma irradiation and cultured for, e.g., 3 days. In another embodiment, the MLC is a secondary MLC, i.e., responder cells are initially cultured in a primary MLC with stimulator cells which may or may not have been inactivated by, e.g., gamma irradiation at, and subsequently viable cells are recovered and to restimulated with new stimulators cells, which may or may not have been inactivated by, e.g., gamma irradiation, and cultured for an additional, e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days.

In another embodiment, downmodulation of immune cell activation results in downmodulation of the expression of costimulatory molecules on a cell, e.g., a dendritic cell, or a dampening in an increase in costimulatory molecule expression. In yet another embodiment, downmodulation of immune cell activation in vitro results in downmodulation of intracellular calcium flux.

In one embodiment, the activation state of MDDC is downmodulated in vitro. In one embodiment, MDDC are derived from monocytes cultured in the presence of, e.g., GM-CSF and IL-4 added on, e.g., days zero and three. In one embodiment, MDDC are derived from monocytes cultured in the presence of a binding molecule of the invention added on, e.g., days zero and three. In another embodiment the activation state of mature dendritic cells is downmodulated. In one embodiment, mature dendritic cells are derived from blood dendritic cells cultured in the presence of, e.g., IL-6, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and PGE added on, e.g., day one. In another embodiment the activation state of monocytes is downmodulated.

As used herein “upmodulation of an immune response” refers to an increase in a T cell mediated and/or B cell mediated immune response in vivo. Exemplary immune responses include T cell responses, e.g., cytokine production, and cellular cytotoxicity. In addition, the term immune response includes antibody production (humoral responses) and activation of cells of the innate immune system, e.g., cytokine responsive cells such as macrophages.

As used herein, the various forms of the term “modulate” include stimulation (e.g., increasing, upmodulating, or upregulating a particular response or activity) and inhibition (e.g., decreasing, downmodulating, or downregulating a particular response or activity).

“Treatment” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment may include those already having a disorder as well as those which do not yet have a disorder.

A “disorder” is any condition that would benefit from treatment with the binding molecules of the present invention. This includes chronic and acute disorders or diseases or pathological conditions associated with immune responses that are too high or too low.

Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections.

II. ILT3 BINDING MOLECULES

The present invention provides isolated ILT3 binding molecules.

Exemplary binding molecules of the present invention include the 9B11 antibody, or a binding portion thereof. The 9B11 antibody is an anti-ILT3 antibody that binds to ILT3 on APC, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, e.g., MDDC, e.g., human cells, with high affinity. The binding molecules of the invention are characterized by binding to hILT3 with high affinity and downmodulating immune responses in vitro, e.g., downmodulating alloimmune responses; the production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells, e.g., monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC); the upregulation of costimulatory molecules by DC, e.g., MDDC; and/or calcium flux in monocytes. In addition, the binding molecules upregulate the expression of inhibitory receptors on dendritic cells, e.g., immature dendritic cells. Surprisingly, these same binding molecules which downmodulate immune responses in vitro, are immunostimulatory in vivo. For example, the binding molecules stimulate immune responses in vivo such as cellular immune responses, e.g., DTH responses. A preferred binding molecule of the invention has VL and VH sequences as shown in FIGS. 8A-8D; the amino acid sequence of the 9B11 VH region is also shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; the amino acid sequence of the 9B11 VL region is shown in SEQ ID NO:2.

In one aspect, the invention pertains to 9B11 binding molecules and other binding molecules with equivalent properties to 9B11, such as binding to hILT3 with high affinity and downmodulate immune cell activation in vitro, e.g., downmodulate alloimmune responses; the production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells, e.g., monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC); the upregulation of costimulatory molecules by DC, e.g., MDDC; and/or calcium flux in monocytes; and upregulate the expression of inhibitory receptors on dendritic cells, e.g., immature dendritic cells and stimulating immune response in vivo, such as a Th1 immune responses. Accordingly, equivalent binding molecules of the invention e.g., generate a negative signal in a cell via ILT3 or block generation of a stimulatory signal via an activating receptor in vitro, while they are immunostimulatory in vivo, e.g., they sequester or downmodulate ILT3 to prevent its association with an activating receptor, thereby preventing the downmodulation of an immune response.

In one embodiment, the invention provides an isolated human binding molecule with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. It will be understood that although some of the sequences of binding molecules described herein include leader sequences, a binding molecule of the invention may also exclude the leader sequence, which is optional. For example, in one embodiment, a binding molecule of the invention comprises the amino acid sequence of the mature protein shown in SEQ ID NO:1. e.g., amino acids 20-135 of SEQ ID NO:1.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the binding molecules of the invention comprise a heavy chain constant region, such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, lgA, IgE, IgM or IgD constant region. In one embodiment, the heavy chain constant region comprises a glycosylation site, e.g., an asparagine at amino acid position 180 of SEQ ID NO:28. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region does not comprise a glycosylation site, e.g., an alanine at amino acid position 180 of SEQ ID NO:29. In one embodiment, the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:28. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:29.

Furthermore, the binding molecule can comprise a light chain constant region, either a kappa light chain constant region or a lambda light chain constant region. Preferably, the binding molecule comprises a kappa light chain constant region.

In one embodiment, the a CL domain of a binding molecule of the invention comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23. (Murine IgG2a light chain constant region).

In one embodiment, the a CH domain of a binding molecule of the invention comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24. (Murine IgG2a heavy chain constant region).

In one embodiment of the invention the VL chain comprises a leader and/or signal sequence, e.g., amino acid residues 1-20 of SEQ ID NO:2. In one embodiment, the VH chain comprises a leader and/or signal sequence, e.g., amino acid residues 1-19 of SEQ ID NO:1. In another embodiment, a binding molecule of the invention does not comprise a leader and/or signal sequence.

In one embodiment, a binding molecule of the invention comprises a heavy chain constant region as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28. In one embodiment, a binding molecule of the invention comprises a heavy chain constant region as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29. In one embodiment, a binding molecule of the invention comprises a light chain constant region as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a binding molecule having 9B11-related VL CDR domains, for example, a binding molecule with a light chain variable region (VL) having at least one CDR domain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, and SEQ ID NO: 8. In another embodiment, a light chain variable region (VL) has at least two CDR domains comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, and SEQ ID NO: 8. In yet another embodiment, a light chain variable region (VL) has CDR domains comprising the amino acid sequences consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7; and SEQ ID NO: 8.

In still other embodiments, the invention provides a binding molecule having 9B11-related VH CDR domain, for example, a binding molecule with a heavy chain variable region (VH) having at least one CDR domain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and SEQ ID NO: 5. In another embodiment, a heavy chain variable region (VH) has at least two CDR domains comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and SEQ ID NO: 5. In yet another embodiment, a heavy chain variable region (VH) has CDR domains comprising the amino acid sequences consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and SEQ ID NO: 5.

A binding molecule of the invention can be derivatized or linked to another functional molecule (e.g., another peptide or protein). Accordingly, the binding molecules of the invention include derivatized and otherwise modified forms of the anti-ILT3 binding molecules described herein, including immunoadhesion molecules. For example, a binding molecule of the invention can be functionally linked (by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another binding molecule (e.g., to form a bispecific antibody or a diabody), a detectable agent, a cytotoxic agent, a pharmaceutical agent, and/or a protein or peptide that can mediate associate of the binding molecule with another molecule (such as a streptavidin core region or a polyhistidine tag).

One type of derivatized binding molecule is produced by crosslinking two or more binding molecules (of the same type or of different types, e.g., to create bispecific antibodies). Suitable crosslinkers include those that are heterobifunctional, having two distinctly reactive groups separated by an appropriate spacer (e.g., m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) or homobifunctional (e.g., disuccinimidyl suberate). Such linkers are available from Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill.

Useful detectable agents with which a binding molecule of the invention may be derivatized include fluorescent compounds. Exemplary fluorescent detectable agents include fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, 5-dimethylamine-1-napthalenesulfonyl chloride, phycoerythrin and the like. A binding molecule may also be derivatized with detectable enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase and the like. When a binding molecule is derivatized with a detectable enzyme, it is detected by adding additional reagents that the enzyme uses to produce a detectable reaction product. For example, when the detectable agent horseradish peroxidase is present, the addition of hydrogen peroxide and diaminobenzidine leads to a colored reaction product, which is detectable. A binding molecule may also be derivatized with biotin, and detected through indirect measurement of avidin or streptavidin binding.

III. PRODUCTION OF BINDING MOLECULES

The present invention features binding molecules having specificity for ILT3, e.g., human ILT3. Such binding molecules can be used in formulating various therapeutic compositions of the invention or, preferably, provide complementarity determining regions for the production of humanized or chimeric binding molecules (described in detail below). The production of non-human binding molecules, e.g., monoclonal binding molecules, e.g., monoclonal antibodies, e.g., murine, guinea pig, primate, rabbit or rat, can be accomplished by, for example, by immunizing the animal with a nucleic acid molecule encoding hILT3. For example, antibodies that bind ILT3 can be made by immunizing animals with ILT3 or a portion thereof or placing the gene encoding human ILT3 in an expression vector and immunizing animals with the vector. A longer polypeptide comprising ILT3 or an immunogenic fragment of ILT3 or anti-idiotypic binding molecules of ILT3 can also be used. (see, for example, Harlow & Lane, supra, in corporated by reference for all purposes). Such an immunogen can be obtained from a natural source, by peptide synthesis or by recombinant expression. Optionally, the immunogen can be administered fused or otherwise complexed with a carrier protein, as described below. Optionally, the immunogen can be administered with an adjuvant. The term “adjuvant” refers to a compound that augments, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or upmodulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, etc.) contain bacterial antigens. Adjuvants can augment an immune response by several mechanisms including lymphocyte recruitment, stimulation of B and/or T cells, and stimulation of macrophages. Several types of adjuvant can be used as described below. Alternative adjuvants include, for example, Hunter's Titermax, Gerbu Adjuvant, and Ribi's Adjuvants.

Rabbits or guinea pigs are typically used for making polyclonal binding molecules, e.g., polyclonal antibodies. Exemplary preparation of polyclonal binding molecules, e.g., for passive protection, can be performed as follows. Animals are immunized with 100 μg ILT3, plus adjuvant, and euthanized at 4-5 months. Blood is collected and lgG is separated from other blood components. Binding molecules specific for the immunogen may be partially purified by affinity chromatography. An average of about 0.5-1.0 mg of immunogen-specific binding molecule is obtained per animal, giving a total of 60-120 mg.

Mice are typically used for making monoclonal binding molecules. Monoclonals can be prepared against a fragment by injecting the fragment or longer form of ILT3 into a mouse, preparing hybridomas and screening the hybridomas for a binding molecule that specifically binds to ILT3. Optionally, binding molecules are screened for binding to a specific region or desired fragment of ILT3 without binding to other nonoverlapping fragments of ILT3. The latter screening can be accomplished by determining binding of a binding molecule to a collection of deletion mutants of an ILT3 peptide and determining which deletion mutants bind to the binding molecules. Binding can be assessed, for example, by Western blot or ELISA. The smallest fragment to show specific binding to the binding molecules defines the epitope of the binding molecules. Alternatively, epitope specificity can be determined by a competition assay in which a test and reference binding molecules compete for binding to ILT3. If the test and reference binding molecules compete, then they bind to the same epitope (or epitopes sufficiently proximal) such that binding of one binding molecule interferes with binding of the other. The preferred isotype for such binding molecules is mouse isotype IgG2a or equivalent isotype in other species. Mouse isotype lgG2a is the equivalent of human isotype IgG1.

The present invention also features chimeric and/or humanized binding molecules (i.e., chimeric and/or humanized immunoglobulins) specific for ILT3. Chimeric and/or humanized binding molecules have the same or similar binding specificity and affinity as a mouse or other nonhuman binding molecules that provides the starting material for construction of a chimeric or humanized binding molecule.

A chimeric binding molecule is one whose light and heavy chain genes have been constructed, typically by genetic engineering, from immunoglobulin gene segments belonging to different species. For example, the variable (V) segments of the genes from a mouse monoclonal binding molecule may be joined to human constant (C) segments, such as IgG1 and lgG4. Human isotype lgG1 is preferred. A typical chimeric binding molecule is thus a hybrid protein consisting of the V or antigen-binding domain from a mouse binding molecule and the C or effector domain from a human binding molecule.

The term “humanized binding molecule” refers to a binding molecule comprising at least one chain comprising variable region framework residues substantially from a human binding molecule chain (referred to as the acceptor immunoglobulin or binding molecule) and at least one complementarity determining region substantially from a mouse binding molecule, (referred to as the donor immunoglobulin or binding molecule). See, Queen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:10029-10033 (1989), U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,101, U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089, U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,761, U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,762, Selick et al., WO 90/07861, and Winter, U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539 (incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes). The constant region(s), if present, are also substantially or entirely from a human immunoglobulin.

The substitution of mouse CDRs into a human variable domain framework is most likely to result in retention of their correct spatial orientation if the human variable domain framework adopts the same or similar conformation to the mouse variable framework from which the CDRs originated. This is achieved by obtaining the human variable domains from human binding molecules whose framework sequences exhibit a high degree of sequence identity with the murine variable framework domains from which the CDRs were derived. The heavy and light chain variable framework regions can be derived from the same or different human binding molecule sequences. The human binding molecule sequences can be the sequences of naturally occurring human binding molecules or can be consensus sequences of several human binding molecules. See Kettleborough et al., Protein Engineering 4:773 (1991); Kolbinger et al., Protein Engineering 6:971 (1993) and Carter et al., WO 92/22653.

Having identified the complementarity determining regions of the murine donor immunoglobulin and appropriate human acceptor immunoglobulins, the next step is to determine which, if any, residues from these components should be substituted to optimize the properties of the resulting humanized binding molecule. In general, substitution of human amino acid residues with murine is preferably minimized, because introduction of murine residues increases the risk of the binding molecule eliciting a human-anti-mouse-antibody (HAMA) response in humans. Art-recognized methods of determining immune response can be performed to monitor a HAMA response in a particular patient or during clinical trials. Patients administered humanized binding molecules can be given an immunogenicity assessment at the beginning and throughout the administration of said therapy. The HAMA response is measured, for example, by detecting antibodies to the humanized therapeutic reagent, in serum samples from the patient using a method known to one in the art, including surface plasmon resonance technology (BIACORE) and/or solid-phase ELISA analysis.

Certain amino acids from the human variable region framework residues are selected for substitution based on their possible influence on CDR conformation and/or binding to antigen. The unnatural juxtaposition of murine CDR regions with human variable framework region can result in unnatural conformational restraints, which, unless corrected by substitution of certain amino acid residues, leads to loss of binding affinity.

The selection of amino acid residues for substitution can be determined, in part, by computer modeling. In general, molecular models are produced starting from solved structures for immunoglobulin chains or domains thereof. The chains to be modeled are compared for amino acid sequence similarity with chains or domains of solved three-dimensional structures, and the chains or domains showing the greatest sequence similarity is/are selected as starting points for construction of the molecular model. Chains or domains sharing at least 50% sequence identity are selected for modeling, and preferably those sharing at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% sequence identity or more are selected for modeling. The solved starting structures are modified to allow for differences between the actual amino acids in the immunoglobulin chains or domains being modeled, and those in the starting structure. The modified structures are then assembled into a composite immunoglobulin. Finally, the model is refined by energy minimization and by verifying that all atoms are within appropriate distances from one another and that bond lengths and angles are within chemically acceptable limits.

The selection of amino acid residues for substitution can also be determined, in part, by examination of the characteristics of the amino acids at particular locations, or empirical observation of the effects of substitution or mutagenesis ofparticular amino acids. For example, when an amino acid differs between a murine variable region framework residue and a selected human variable region framework residue, the human framework amino acid should usually be substituted by the equivalent framework amino acid from the mouse binding molecule when it is reasonably expected that the amino acid: (1) noncovalently binds antigen directly, (2) is adjacent to a CDR region, (3) otherwise interacts with a CDR region (e.g., is within about 3-6 Å of a CDR region as determined by computer modeling), or (4) participates in the VL-VH interface.

Residues which “noncovalently bind antigen directly” include amino acids in positions in framework regions which have a good probability of directly interacting with amino acids on the antigen according to established chemical forces, for example, by hydrogen bonding, Vander Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, and the like.

CDR and framework regions are as defined by Kabat et al. or Chothia et al., supra. When framework residues, as defined by Kabat et al., supra, constitute structural loop residues as defined by Chothia et al., supra, the amino acids present in the mouse binding molecule may be selected for substitution into the humanized binding molecule. Residues which are “adjacent to a CDR region” include amino acid residues in positions immediately adjacent to one or more of the CDRs in the primary sequence of the humanized immunoglobulin chain, for example, in positions immediately adjacent to a CDR as defined by Kabat, or a CDR as defined by Chothia (See e.g., Chothia and Lesk J M B 196:901 (1987)). These amino acids are particularly likely to interact with the amino acids in the CDRs and, if chosen from the acceptor, to distort the donor CDRs and reduce affinity. Moreover, the adjacent amino acids may interact directly with the antigen (Amit et al., Science, 233:747 (1986), which is incorporated herein by reference) and selecting these amino acids from the donor may be desirable to keep all the antigen contacts that provide affinity in the original qinding molecule.

Residues that “otherwise interact with a CDR region” include those that are determined by secondary structural analysis to be in a spatial orientation sufficient to effect a CDR region. In one embodiment, residues that “otherwise interact with a CDR region” are identified by analyzing a three-dimensional model of the donor immunoglobulin (e.g., a computer-generated model). A three-dimensional model, typically of the original donor binding molecule, shows that certain amino acids outside of the CDRs are close to the CDRs and have a good probability of interacting with amino acids in the CDRs by hydrogen bonding, Vander Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, etc. At those amino acid positions, the donor immunoglobulin amino acid rather than the acceptor immunoglobulin amino acid may be selected. Amino acids according to this criterion will generally have a side chain atom within about 3 Å of some atom in the CDRs and must contain an atom that could interact with the CDR atoms according to established chemical forces, such as those listed above.

In the case of atoms that may form a hydrogen bond, the 3 Å is measured between their nuclei, but for atoms that do not form a bond, the 3 Å is measured between their Van der Waals surfaces. Hence, in the latter case, the nuclei must be within about 6 Å (3 Å plus the sum of the Vander Waals radii) for the atoms to be considered capable of interacting. In many cases the nuclei will be from 4 or 5 to 6 Å apart. In determining whether an amino acid can interact with the CDRs, it is preferred not to consider the last 8 amino acids of heavy chain CDR 2 as part of the CDRs, because from the viewpoint of structure, these 8 amino acids behave more as part of the framework.

Amino acids that are capable of interacting with amino acids in the CDRs, may be identified in yet another way. The solvent accessible surface area of each framework amino acid is calculated in two ways: (1) in the intact binding molecule, and (2) in a hypothetical molecule consisting of the binding molecule with its CDRs removed. A significant difference between these numbers of about 10 square angstroms or more shows that access of the framework amino acid to solvent is at least partly blocked by the CDRs, and therefore that the amino acid is making contact with the CDRs. Solvent accessible surface area of an amino acid may be calculated based on a three-dimensional model of a binding molecule, using algorithms known in the art (e.g., Connolly, J. Appl. Cryst. 16:548 (1983) and Lee and Richards, J. Mol. Biol. 55:379 (1971), both of which are incorporated herein by reference). Framework amino acids may also occasionally interact with the CDRs indirectly, by affecting the conformation of another framework amino acid that in turn contacts the CDRs.

The amino acids at several positions in the framework are known to be capable of interacting with the CDRs in many binding molecules (Chothia and Lesk, supra, Chothia et al., supra and Tramontano et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:175 (1990), all of which are incorporated herein by reference). Notably, the amino acids at positions 2, 48, 64 and 71 of the light chain and 26-30, 71 and 94 of the heavy chain (numbering according to Kabat) are known to be capable of interacting with the CDRs in many binding molecules. The amino acids at positions 35 in the light chain and 93 and 103 in the heavy chain are also likely to interact with the CDRs. At all these numbered positions, choice of the donor amino acid rather than the acceptor amino acid (when they differ) to be in the humanized immunoglobulin is preferred. On the other hand, certain residues capable of interacting with the CDR region, such as the first 5 amino acids of the light chain, may sometimes be chosen from the acceptor immunoglobulin without loss of affinity in the humanized binding molecule.

Residues which “participate in the VL-VH interface” or “packing residues” include those residues at the interface between VL and VH as defined, for example, by Novotny and Haber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:4592-66 (1985) or Chothia et al, supra. Generally, unusual packing residues should be retained in the humanized binding molecule if they differ from those in the human frameworks.

In general, one or more of the amino acids fulfilling the above criteria is substituted. In some embodiments, all or most of the amino acids fulfilling the above criteria are substituted. Occasionally, there is some ambiguity about whether a particular amino acid meets the above criteria, and alternative variant immunoglobulins are produced, one of which has that particular substitution, the other of which does not. Alternative variant immunoglobulins so produced can be tested in any of the assays described herein for the desired activity, and the preferred immunoglobulin selected.

Usually the CDR regions in humanized binding molecules are substantially identical, and more usually, identical to the corresponding CDR regions of the donor binding molecule. Although not usually desirable, it is sometimes possible to make one or more conservative amino acid substitutions of CDR residues without appreciably affecting the binding affinity of the resulting humanized binding molecule. By conservative substitutions is intended combinations such as gly, ala; val, ile, leu; asp, glu; asn, gln; ser, thr; lys, arg; and phe, tyr.

Additional candidates for substitution are acceptor human framework amino acids that are unusual or “‘rare” for a human immunoglobulin at that position. These amino acids can be substituted with amino acids from the equivalent position of is the mouse donor binding molecule or from the equivalent positions of more typical human immunoglobulins. For example, substitution may be desirable when the amino acid in a human framework region of the acceptor immunoglobulin is rare for that position and the corresponding amino acid in the donor immunoglobulin is common for that position in human immunoglobulin sequences; or when the amino acid in the acceptor immunoglobulin is rare for that position and the corresponding amino acid in the donor immunoglobulin is also rare, relative to other human sequences. These criterion help ensure that an atypical amino acid in the human framework does not disrupt the binding molecule structure. Moreover, by replacing an unusual human acceptor amino acid with an amino acid from the donor binding molecule that happens to be typical for human binding molecules, the humanized binding molecule may be made less immunogenic.

The term “rare”, as used herein, indicates an amino acid occurring at that position in less than about 20% but usually less than about 10% of sequences in a representative sample of sequences, and the term “common”, as used herein, indicates an amino acid occurring in more than about 25% but usually more than about 50% of sequences in a representative sample. For example, all human light and heavy chain variable region sequences are respectively grouped into “subgroups” of sequences that are especially homologous to each other and have the same amino acids at certain critical positions (Kabat et al., supra). When deciding whether an amino acid in a human acceptor sequence is “rare” or “common” among human sequences, it will often be preferable to consider only those human sequences in the same subgroup as the acceptor sequence.

Additional candidates for substitution are acceptor human framework amino acids that would be identified as part of a CDR region under the alternative definition proposed by Chothia et al., supra. Additional candidates for substitution are acceptor human framework amino acids that would be identified as part of a CDR region under the AbM and/or contact definitions. Notably, CDR1 in the variable heavy chain is defined as including residues 26-32.

Additional candidates for substitution are acceptor framework residues that correspond to a rare or unusual donor framework residue. Rare or unusual donor framework residues are those that are rare or unusual (as defined herein) for murine to binding molecules at that position. For murine binding molecules, the subgroup can be determined according to Kabat and residue positions identified which differ from the consensus. These donor specific differences may point to somatic mutations in the murine sequence which enhance activity. Unusual residues that are predicted to affect binding are retained, whereas residues predicted to be unimportant for binding can be substituted.

Additional candidates for substitution are non-germline residues occurring in an acceptor framework region. For example, when an acceptor binding molecule chain (i.e., a human binding molecule chain sharing significant sequence identity with the donor binding molecule chain) is aligned to a germline binding molecule chain (likewise sharing significant sequence identity with the donor chain), residues not matching between acceptor chain framework and the germline chain framework can be substituted with corresponding residues from the germline sequence.

Other than the specific amino acid substitutions discussed above, the framework regions of humanized binding molecules are usually substantially identical, and more usually, identical to the framework regions of the human binding molecules from which they were derived. Of course, many of the amino acids in the framework region make little or no direct contribution to the specificity or affinity of a binding molecule. Thus, many individual conservative substitutions of framework residues can be tolerated without appreciable change of the specificity or affinity of the resulting humanized binding molecule. Thus, in one embodiment the variable framework region of the humanized binding molecule shares at least 85% sequence identity to a human variable framework region sequence or consensus of such sequences. In another embodiment, the variable framework region of the humanized binding molecule shares at least 90%, preferably 95%, more preferably 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a human variable framework region sequence or consensus of such sequences. In general, however, such substitutions are undesirable.

The humanized binding molecules preferably exhibit a specific binding affinity for antigen of at least 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹ or 10¹⁰ M⁻¹. Usually the upper limit of binding affinity of the humanized binding molecules for antigen is within a factor of three, four or five of that of the donor binding molecule. Often the lower limit of binding affinity is also within a factor of three, four or five of that of donor binding molecule. Alternatively, the binding affinity can be compared to that of a humanized binding molecule having no substitutions (e.g., a binding molecule having donor CDRs and acceptor FRs, but no FR substitutions). In such instances, the binding of the optimized binding molecule (with substitutions) is preferably at least two- to three-fold greater, or three- to four-fold greater, than that of the unsubstituted binding molecule. For making comparisons, activity of the various binding molecules can be determined, for example, by BIACORE (i.e., surface plasmon resonance using unlabelled reagents) or competitive binding assays.

Having conceptually selected the CDR and framework components of humanized binding molecules, a variety of methods are available for producing such binding molecules. Because of the degeneracy of the code, a variety of nucleic acid sequences will encode each binding molecules amino acid sequence. The desired nucleic acid sequences can be produced by de novo solid-phase DNA synthesis or by PCR mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variant of the desired polynucleotide. Oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis is a preferred method for preparing substitution, deletion and insertion variants of target polypeptide DNA. See Adelman et al., DNA 2:183 (1983). Briefly, the target polypeptide DNA is altered by hybridizing an oligonucleotide encoding the desired mutation to a single-stranded DNA template. After hybridization, a DNA polymerase is used to synthesize an entire second complementary strand of the template that incorporates the oligonucleotide primer, and encodes the selected alteration in the target polypeptide DNA.

The variable segments of binding molecules produced as described supra (e.g., the heavy and light chain variable regions of chimeric, humanized, or human binding molecules) are typically linked to at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. Human constant region DNA sequences can be isolated in accordance with well known procedures from a variety of human cells, but preferably immortalized B cells (see Kabat et al., supra, and Liu et al., WO87/02671) (each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). Ordinarily, the binding molecule will contain both light chain and heavy chain constant regions. The heavy chain constant region usually includes CH1, hinge, CH2, CH3, and CH4 regions. The binding molecules described herein include antibodies having all types of constant regions, including IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA and lgE, and any isotype, including IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The choice of constant region depends, in part, or whether binding molecule-dependent complement and/or cellular mediated toxicity is desired. For example, isotopes lgG1 and lgG3 have complement activity and isotypes IgG2 and IgG4 do not. When it is desired that the binding molecule (e.g., humanized binding molecule) exhibit cytotoxic activity, the constant domain is usually a complement fixing constant domain and the class is typically IgG1. When such cytotoxic activity is not desirable, the constant domain may be, e.g., of the lgG2 class. Choice of isotype can also affect passage of antibody into the brain. Human isotype IgG1 is preferred. Light chain constant regions can be lambda or kappa. The humanized binding molecule may comprise sequences from more than one class or isotype. Binding molecules can be expressed as tetramers containing two light and two heavy chains, as separate heavy chains, light chains, as Fab, Fab′ F(ab′)2, and Fv, or as single chain binding molecules in which heavy and light chain variable domains are linked through a spacer.

IV. EXPRESSION OF BINDING MOLECULES

A binding molecule of the invention can be prepared by recombinant expression of immunoglobulin light and heavy chain genes in a host cell. To express a binding molecule recombinantly, a host cell is transfected with one or more recombinant expression vectors carrying DNA fragments encoding the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains of the binding molecule such that the light and heavy chains are expressed in the host cell and, preferably, secreted into the medium in which the host cells are cultured, from which medium the binding molecules can be recovered. Standard recombinant DNA methodologies are used obtain antibody heavy and light chain genes, incorporate these genes into recombinant expression vectors and introduce the vectors into host cells, such as those described in Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (eds), Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1989), Ausubel, F. M. et al. (eds.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates, (1989) and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,397 by Boss et al.

To express the binding molecules of the invention, DNAs encoding partial or full-length light and heavy chains are inserted into expression vectors such that the genes are operatively linked to transcriptional and translational control sequences. In this context, the term “operatively linked” is intended to mean that a binding molecule gene is ligated into a vector such that transcriptional and translational control sequences within the vector serve their intended function of regulating the transcription and translation of the binding molecule gene. The expression vector and expression control sequences are chosen to be compatible with the expression host cell used. The binding molecule light chain gene and the binding molecule heavy chain gene can be inserted into separate vector or, more typically, both genes are inserted into the same expression vector. The binding molecule genes are inserted into the expression vector by standard methods (e.g., ligation of complementary restriction sites on the binding molecule gene fragment and vector, or blunt end ligation if no restriction sites are present). Prior to insertion of the binding molecule light or heavy chain sequences, the expression vector may already carry binding molecule constant region sequences. For example, one approach to converting VH and VL sequences to full-length binding molecule genes is to insert them into expression vectors already encoding heavy chain constant and light chain constant regions, respectively, such that the VH segment is operatively linked to the CH segment(s) within the vector and the VL segment is operatively linked to the CL segment within the vector. Additionally or alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the binding molecule chain from a host cell. The binding molecule chain gene can be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the binding molecule chain gene. The signal peptide can be, for example, an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein).

In addition to the binding molecule chain genes, the recombinant expression vectors of the invention carry regulatory sequences that control the expression of the binding molecule chain genes in a host cell. The term “regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals) that control the transcription or translation of the binding molecule chain genes. Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc. Preferred regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV) (such as the CMV promoter/enhancer), Simian Virus 40 (SV40) (such as the SV40 promoter/enhancer), adenovirus, (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)) and polyoma. For further description of viral regulatory elements, and sequences thereof, see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,062 by Stinski, U.S. Pat. No. 4,510,245 by Bell et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,615 by Schaffner et al.

In addition to the binding molecule chain genes and regulatory sequences, the recombinant expression vectors of the invention may carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes. The selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and 5,179,017, all by Axel et al.). For example, typically the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has b een introduced. Preferred selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr− host cells with methotrexate selection/amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection).

For expression of the light and heavy chains, the expression vector(s) encoding the binding molecule heavy and light chains is transfected into a host cell by standard techniques. The various forms of the term “transfection” are intended to encompass a wide variety of techniques commonly used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g., electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection and the like. It is possible to express the binding molecules of the invention in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells, expression of binding molecules in eukaryotic cells, and most preferably mammalian host cells, is the most preferred because such eukaryotic cells, and in particular mammalian cells, are more likely than prokaryotic cells to assemble and secrete a properly folded and immunologically active binding molecule.

Commonly, expression vectors contain selection markers (e.g., ampicillin-resistance, hygromycin-resistance, tetracycline resistance or neomycin resistance) to permit detection of those cells transformed with the desired DNA sequences (see, e.g., Itakura et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,362).

E. coli is one prokaryotic host particularly useful for cloning the polynucleotides (e.g., DNA sequences) of the present invention. Other microbial hosts suitable for use include bacilli, such as Bacillus subtilus, and other enterobacteriaceae, such as Salmonella, Serratia, and various Pseudomonas species. In these prokaryotic hosts, one can also make expression vectors, which will typically contain expression control sequences compatible with the host cell (e.g., an origin of replication). In addition, any number of a variety of well-known promoters will be present, such as the lactose promoter system, a tryptophan (trp) promoter system, a beta-lactamase promoter system, or a promoter system from phage lambda. The promoters will typically control expression, optionally with an operator sequence, and have ribosome binding site sequences and the like, for initiating and completing transcription and translation.

Other microbes, such as yeast, are also useful for expression. Saccharomyces is a preferred yeast host, with suitable vectors having expression control sequences (e.g., promoters), an origin of replication, termination sequences and the like as desired. Typical promoters include 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and other glycolytic enzymes. Inducible yeast promoters include, among others, promoters from alcohol dehydrogenase, isocytochrome C, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization.

In addition to microorganisms, mammalian tissue cell culture may also be used to express and produce the polypeptides of the present invention (e.g., polynucleotides encoding binding molecules). See Winnacker, From Genes to Clones, VCH Publishers, N.Y., N.Y. (1987). Eukaryotic cells are actually preferred, because a number of suitable host cell lines capable of secreting heterologous proteins (e.g., intact binding molecules) have been developed in the art, and include CHO cell lines, various Cos cell lines, HeLa cells, preferably, myeloma cell lines, or transformed B-cells or hybridomas. Preferably, the cells are nonhuman. Expression vectors for these cells can include expression control sequences, such as an origin of replication, a promoter, and an enhancer (Queen et al., Immunol. Rev. 89:49 (1986)), and necessary processing information sites, such as ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation sites, and transcriptional terminator sequences. Preferred expression control sequences are promoters derived from immunoglobulin genes, SV40, adenovirus, bovine papilloma virus, cytomegalovirus and the like. See Co et al., J. Immunol. 148:1149 (1992).

Alternatively, binding molecule-coding sequences can be incorporated in transgenes for introduction into the genome of a transgenic animal and subsequent expression in the milk of the transgenic animal (see, e.g., Deboer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,957, Rosen, U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,489, and Meade et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,992). Suitable transgenes include coding sequences for light and/or heavy chains in operable linkage with a promoter and enhancer from a mammary gland specific gene, such as casein or beta lactoglobulin.

Preferred mammalian host cells for expressing the recombinant binding molecules of the invention include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells) (including dhfr− CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-4220, used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in R. J. Kaufman and P. A. Sharp (1982) Mol. Biol. 159:601-621), NSO myeloma cells, COS cells and SP2 cells. When recombinant expression vectors encoding binding molecule genes are introduced into mammalian host cells, the binding molecules are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the binding molecule in the host cells or, more preferably, secretion of the binding molecule into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown. Binding molecules can be recovered from the culture medium using standard protein purification methods.

The vectors containing the polynucleotide sequences of interest (e.g., the binding molecule encoding sequences and expression control sequences) can be transferred into the host cell by well-known methods, which vary depending on the type of cellular host. For example, calcium chloride transfection is commonly utilized for prokaryotic cells, whereas calcium phosphate treatment, electroporation, lipofection, biolistics or viral-based transfection may be used for other cellular hosts. (See generally Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2nd ed., 1989) (incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). Other methods used to transform mammalian cells include the use of polybrene, protoplast fusion, liposomes, electroporation, and microinjection (see generally, Sambrook et al., supra). For production of transgenic animals, transgenes can be microinjected into fertilized oocytes, or can be incorporated into the genome of embryonic stem cells, and the nuclei of such cells transferred into enucleated oocytes.

When heavy and light chains are cloned on separate expression vectors, the vectors are co-transfected to obtain expression and assembly of intact binding molecules. Once expressed, the whole binding molecule, their dimers, individual light and heavy chains, or other immunoglobulin forms of the present invention can be purified according to standard procedures of the art, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity columns, column chromatography, HPLC purification, gel electrophoresis and the like (see generally Scopes, Protein Purification (Springer-Verlag, N.Y., (1982)). Substantially pure binding molecules of at least about 90 to 95% homogeneity are preferred, and 98 to 99% or more homogeneity most preferred, for pharmaceutical uses.

Host cells can also be used to produce portions of intact binding molecules, such as Fab fragments or scFv molecules. It will be understood that variations on the above procedure are within the scope of the present invention. For example, it may be desirable to transfect a host cell with DNA encoding either the light chain or the heavy chain (but not both) of a binding molecule of this invention. Recombinant DNA technology may also be used to remove some, or all of the DNA encoding either or both of the light and heavy chains that is not necessary for binding to ILT3. The molecules expressed from such truncated DNA molecules are also encompassed by the binding molecules of the invention. In addition, bifunctional binding molecules may be produced in which one heavy and one light chain are a binding molecule of the invention and the other heavy and light chain are specific for an antigen other than ILT3 by crosslinking a binding molecule of the invention to a second binding molecule by standard chemical crosslinking methods.

In view of the foregoing, another aspect of the invention pertains to nucleic acid, vector and host cell compositions that can be used for recombinant expression of the binding molecules of the invention. The nucleotide sequence encoding the 9B11 light chain variable region is shown in FIG. 6 and SEQ ID NO: 10. The CDR1 domain of the VL encompasses nucleotides 130-162, the CDR2 domain encompasses nucleotides 208-228, and the CDR3 domain encompasses nucleotides 325-351 of SEQ ID NO:10. The nucleotide sequence encoding the 9B11 heavy chain variable region is also shown in FIG. 6 and SEQ ID NO: 9. The CDR1 domain of the VII encompasses nucleotides 133-162, the CDR2 domain encompasses nucleotides 205-255, and the CDR3 domain encompasses nucleotides 352-372 of SEQ ID NO:9. It will be appreciated by the skilled artisan that nucleotide sequences encoding 9B11-related binding molecule can be derived from the nucleotide sequences encoding the 9B11 VL and VH using the genetic code and standard molecular biology techniques.

In one embodiment, the invention provides isolated nucleic acids encoding a 9B11-related CDR domain, e.g., comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, and SEQ ID NO: 8.

In still another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a binding molecule light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, although the skilled artisan will appreciate that due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, other nucleotide sequences can encode the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The nucleic acid can encode only the LCVR or can also encode a binding molecule light chain constant region, operatively linked to the LCVR. In one embodiment, this nucleic acid is in a recombinant expression vector.

In still another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a binding molecule heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, although the skilled artisan will appreciate that due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, other nucleotide sequences can encode the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The nucleic acid can encode only the VH or can also encode a heavy chain constant region, operatively linked to the VH. For example, the nucleic acid can comprise an IgG1 or IgG2 constant region. In one embodiment, this nucleic acid is in a recombinant expression vector.

The invention also provides recombinant expression vectors encoding a binding molecule heavy chain and/or a binding molecule light chain. For example, in one embodiment, the invention provides a recombinant expression vector encoding:

-   -   a) a binding molecule light chain having a variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and     -   b) a binding molecule heavy chain having a variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention also provides host cells into which one or more of the recombinant expression vectors of the invention have been introduced. Preferably, the host cell is a mammalian host cell.

Still further the invention provides a method of synthesizing a recombinant binding molecule of the invention by culturing a host cell of the invention in a suitable culture medium until a recombinant binding molecule of the invention is synthesized. The method can further comprise isolating the recombinant binding molecule from the culture medium.

V. USES OF THE BINDING MOLECULES OF THE INVENTION

Given their ability to bind to ILT3, the binding molecules of the invention can be used to detect ILT3 (e.g., in a biological sample, such as serum or plasma), using a conventional immunoassay, such as an enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), an radioimmunoassay (RIA) or tissue immunohistochemistry. The invention provides a method for detecting hILT3 in a biological sample comprising contacting a biological sample with a binding molecule of the invention and detecting either the binding molecule bound to hILT3 or unbound binding molecule, to thereby detect hILT3 in the biological sample. The binding molecule is directly or indirectly labeled with a detectable substance to facilitate detection of the bound or unbound binding molecule. Suitable detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials and radioactive materials. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, 1β-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidinlbiotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent material includes luminol; and examples of suitable radioactive material include ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S or ³H.

Alternative to labeling the binding molecule, hILT3 can be assayed in biological fluids by a competition immunoassay utilizing ILT3 standards labeled with a detectable substance and an unlabeled anti-hILT3 binding molecule. In this assay, the biological sample, the labeled ILT3 standards and the anti-hILT3 binding molecule are combined and the amount of labeled ILT3 standard bound to the unlabeled binding molecule is determined. The amount of hILT3 in the biological sample is inversely proportional to the amount of labeled ILT3 standard bound to the anti-hILT3 binding molecule.

An anti-ILT3 binding molecule of the invention can also be used to detect ILT3s from species other than humans, in particular ILT3s from primates (e.g., chimpanzee, baboon, marmoset, cynomolgus and rhesus).

Methods of Downmodulating Immune Responses In Vitro and In Vivo

As described in the appended examples, the binding molecules of the invention can be used as immunoinhibitory compositions in vitro to inhibit immune cell activation, such as an alloimmune response (e.g., an MLC), by cells. In one embodiment, cells are treated with an ILT-3 binding molecule in vitro, e.g., for one, two, three, four, five, six, seven days, e.g., to reduce their state of activation prior to their infusion into a subject.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides a method for modulating, e.g., downmodulating, immune cell activation, e.g., an alloimmune response, in vitro. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of downmodulating immune cell activation in vivo comprising introducing cells treated in vitro with an ILT-3 binding molecule into a subject. Modulation of an alloimmune response can be assayed using art recognized techniques, for example, by measuring the ability of the binding molecule to modulate the proliferative ability of T cells, e.g., in a mixed lymphocyte reaction.

The binding molecules of the invention may also be used to downmodulate the production of inflammatory cytokines, e.g., IL12p40, IL12p70, and TNFα, by DC, e.g., MDDC, in vitro, e.g., prior to introduction into a subject. Downmodulation of inflammatory cytokine production by DC can be assayed, for example, by ELISA.

In another embodiment, the binding molecules of the invention may also be used to downmodulate the upregulation of costimulatory molecules, e.g., CD86, CD80, CD83, and HLA-DR, by DC, e.g., MDDC, in vitro, e.g., prior to introduction into a subject. Downmodulation of the upregulation of costimulatory molecules by DC can be assayed, for example, by FACs analysis.

In yet another embodiment, the binding molecules of the invention may also be used to downmodulate calcium flux in monocytes in vitro, e.g., prior to their introduction into a subject. Calcium flux in monocytes can be measured, for example, by FACs analysis or by calcium-chelation luminescence spectrophotometry. See for example, Rabin, et al. (1999) J. Immunol. 162:3840-3850, Youn, B. S., et al. (1998) Blood 91:3118, and Youn, B. S., et al. (1997) J. Immunol. 159:5201, the contents of each of these references is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the binding molecules of the invention may be used to upregulate the expression of inhibitory receptors on a cell, such as a dendritic cell, e.g., an immature dendritic cell. Exemplary inhibitory receptors whose expression is upregulated by the binding molecules of the invention include, but are not limited to, CD200R, CD40L and IDO (indolamine).

In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for preventing in a subject, a disease or condition associated with unwanted immune cell activation comprising treating cells in vitro with an ILT-3 binding agent and introducing them into a compatible subject or reintroducing them into the same subject. Subjects at risk for a disease that would benefit from treatment with the claimed agents or methods can be identified, for example, by any or a combination of diagnostic or prognostic assays known in the art. Administration of a prophylactic agent can occur prior to the manifestation of symptoms associated with an unwanted or less than desirable immune response.

Diseases or pathological conditions that would benefit from downmodulating the activity of ILT3 on APC, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, and DC, e.g., MDDC, include situations oftissue, skin and organ transplantation or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). For example, blockage of immune cell activation results in reduced tissue destruction in tissue transplantation. Typically, in tissue transplants, rejection of the transplant is initiated through its recognition as foreign by immune cells, followed by an immune reaction that destroys the transplant. The cells treated in vitro with an anti-ILT3 binding molecule can be administered alone or in conjunction with another agent which downmodulates immune cell activation, prior to or at the time of transplantation to reduce immune cell activation to the transplant (e.g., hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, e.g., immunosuppressive therapy, antibiotics, and immunoglobulin). Generally, administration of products of a species origin or species reactivity (in the case of binding molecules) that is the same species as that of the patient is preferred. It may also be desirable to block the costimulatory function of other polypeptides. For example, it may be desirable to block the function of B7-1, B7-2, or B7-1 and B7-2 by administering a soluble form of a combination of peptides having an activity of each of these antigens, blocking antibodies against these antigens or blocking small molecules (separately or together in a single composition) prior to or at the time of transplantation. Other downmodulatory agents that can be used in connection with the downmodulatory methods of the invention include, for example, agents that transmit an inhibitory signal via CTLA4, soluble forms of CTLA4, antibodies that activate an inhibitory signal via CTLA4, blocking antibodies against other immune cell markers or soluble forms of other receptor ligand pairs (e.g., agents that disrupt the interaction between CD40 and CD40 ligand (e.g., anti CD40 ligand antibodies)), antibodies against cytokines, or immunosuppressive drugs.

Moreover, modulation of ILT3, and/or inhibition of costimulatory signals, and/or upregulation of other inhibitory receptors, may also be sufficient to anergize the immune cells, thereby inducing tolerance in a subject. Induction of long-term tolerance by modulating ILT3 may avoid the necessity of repeated administration of these blocking reagents.

Accordingly, the methods of the invention can be used to treat a subject suffering from a disorder, which method comprises contacting a cell from a subject with a binding molecule of the invention such that an immune response is downmodulated. Preferably, the subject is a human subject. Alternatively, the subject can be a mammal expressing ILT3 with which a binding molecule of the invention cross-reacts.

Methods of Upmodulating Immune Responses In Vivo

As described in the appended examples, the binding molecules of the invention can be used as immunostimulatory compositions, e.g., alone or as part of a vaccine, to promote B cell, and/or T cell activation, e.g., either Th1 or Th2 cell activation, in a subject. That is, the binding molecules of the invention can serve as adjuvants used in combination with an antigen of interest to enhance an immune response to that antigen of interest in vivo. For example, to stimulate an antibody or cellular immune response to an antigen of interest (e.g., for vaccination purposes), the antigen and a binding molecules of the invention can be coadministered (e.g., coadministered at the same time in the same or separate compositions, or sequentially in time such that an enhanced immune response occurs). The antigen of interest and the binding molecules can be formulated together into a single pharmaceutical composition or in separate compositions. In a preferred embodiment, the antigen of interest and the binding molecule are administered simultaneously to the subject. Alternatively, in certain situations it may be desirable to administer the antigen first and then the binding molecule or vice versa (for example, in the case of an antigen that naturally evokes a Th1 response, it may be beneficial to first administer the antigen alone to stimulate a Th1 response and then administer a binding molecule, alone or together with a boost of antigen, to shift the immune response to a Th2 response). In preferred embodiments, an ILT3 binding molecule of the invention is administered at the time of priming with antigen, i.e., at the time of the first administration of antigen. For example, day −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3. A particularly preferred day of administration of an ILT3 binding molecule of the invention is day-1.

In one embodiment, an ILT-3 binding molecule is administered with an antigen of interest. An antigen of interest is one to which an immune response is desired. For example, one capable of providing protection in subject against challenge by an infectious agent from which the antigen was derived. In another embodiment, the invention pertains to administration of an ILT-3 binding molecule of the invention to increase immune responses without having to administer an antigen.

Exemplary antigens of interest therefore include those derive from infectious agents, wherein an immune response directed against the antigen serves to prevent or treat disease caused by the agent. Such antigens include, but are not limited to, viral, bacterial, fungal or parasite proteins and any other proteins, glycoproteins, lipoprotein, glycolipids, and the like. Antigens of interest also include those which provide benefit to a subject which is at risk for acquiring or which is diagnosed as having a tumor. The subject is preferably a mammal and most preferably, is a human.

Typical antigens of interest may be classified as follows: protein antigens, such as ceruloplasmin and serum albumin; bacterial antigens, such as teichoic acids, flagellar antigens, capsular polysaccharides, and extra-cellular bacterial products and toxins; glycoproteins and glycolipids; viruses, such as animal, plant, and bacterial viruses; conjugated and synthetic antigens, such as proteinhapten conjugates, molecules expressed preferentially by tumors, compared to normal tissue; synthetic polypeptides; and nucleic acids, such as ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. The term “infectious agent,” as used herein, includes any agent which expresses an antigen which elicits a host cellular immune response. Non-limiting examples of viral antigens which may be considered useful as include, but are not limited to, the nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza virus and the Gag proteins of HIV. Other heterologous antigens include, but are not limited to, HIV Env protein or its component parts gp120 and gp41, HIV Nef protein, and the HIV Pol proteins, reverse transcriptase and protease. In addition, other viral antigens such as Ebola virus (EBOV) antigens, such as, for example, EBOV NP or glycoprotein (GP), either full-length or GP deleted in the mucin region of the molecule (Yang Z-Y, et al. (2000) Nat Med 6:886-9, 2000), small pox antigens, hepatitis A, B or C virus, human rhinovirus such as type 2 or type 14, Herpes simplex virus, poliovirus type 2 or 3, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), rabies virus, rotavirus, influenza virus, coxsackie virus, human papilloma virus (HPV), for example the type 16 papilloma virus, the E7 protein thereof, and fragments containing the E7 protein or its epitopes; and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) may be used. The antigens of interest need not be limited to antigens of viral origin. Parasitic antigens, such as, for example, malarial antigens are included, as are fungal antigens, bacterial antigens and tumor antigens. Examples of antigens derived from bacteria are those derived from Bordetella pertussis (e.g., P69 protein and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) antigens), Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus anthracis, and E. coli antigens such as E. coli heat Labile toxin B subunit (LT-B), E. coli K88 antigens, and enterotoxigenic E. coli antigens. Other examples of antigens include Schistosoma mansoni P28 glutathione S-transferase antigens (P28 antigens) and antigens of flukes, mycoplasma, roundworms, tapeworms, Chlamydia trachomatis, and malaria parasites, e.g., parasites of the genus plasmodium or babesia, for example Plasmodium falciparum, and peptides encoding immunogenic epitopes from the aforementioned antigens.

By the term “tumor-related antigen,” as used herein, is meant an antigen which affects tumor growth or metastasis in a host organism. The tumor-related antigen may be an antigen expressed by a tumor cell, or it may be an antigen which is expressed by a non-tumor cell, but which when so expressed, promotes the growth or metastasis of tumor cells. The types of tumor antigens and tumor-related antigens include any known or heretofore unknown tumor antigen, including, without limitation, the bcr/abl antigen in leukemia, HPVE6 and E7 antigens of the oncogenic virus associated with cervical cancer, the MAGE1 and MZ2-E antigens in or associated with melanoma, and the MVC-1 and HER-2 antigens in or associated with breast cancer.

An infection, disease or disorder which may be treated or prevented by the administration of a composition of the invention includes any infection, disease or disorder wherein a host immune response acts to prevent the infection, disease or disorder. Diseases, disorders, or infection which may be treated or prevented by the administration of the compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, any infection, disease or disorder caused by or related to a fungus, parasite, virus, or bacteria, diseases, disorders or infections caused by or related to various agents used in bioterrorism, listeriosis, Ebola virus, SARS, small pox, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, diseases and disorders caused by human rhinovirus, HIV and AIDS, Herpes, polio, foot-and-mouth disease, rabies, diseases or disorders caused by or related to: rotavirus, influenza, coxsackie virus, human papilloma virus, SIV, malaria, cancer, e.g., tumors, and diseases or disorders caused by or related to infection by Bordetella pertussis, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus anthracis, E. coli, flukes, mycoplasma, roundworms, tapeworms, Chlamydia trachomatis, and malaria parasites, etc.

Immune Responses to Tumor Cells

Regulatory T cells play an important role in the-maintenance of immunological self-tolerance by suppressing immune responses against autoimmune diseases and cancer. Accordingly, in one embodiment, upmodulating an immune response would be beneficial for enhancing an immune response in cancer. Therefore, the binding molecules of the invention can be used in the treatment of malignancies, to inhibit tumor growth or metastasis. The binding molecules may be administered systemically or locally to the tumor site.

In one embodiment, modulation of ILT3 function may be useful in the induction of tumor immunity. An ILT3 binding molecule can be administered to a patient having tumor cells (e.g., sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, carcinoma) to overcome tumor-specific tolerance in the subject.

As used herein, the term “neoplastic disease” is characterized by malignant tumor growth or in disease states characterized by benign hyperproliferative and hyperplastic cells. The common medical meaning of the term “neoplasia” refers to “new cell growth” that results as a loss of responsiveness to normal growth controls, e.g., neoplastic cell growth.

As used herein, the terms “hyperproliferative”, “hyperplastic”, malignant” and “neoplastic” are used interchangeably, and refer to those cells in an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapid proliferation or neoplasia. The terms are meant to include all types of hyperproliferative growth, hyperplastic growth, cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. A “hyperplasia” refers to cells undergoing an abnormally high rate of growth. However, as used herein, the terms neoplasia and hyperplasia can be used interchangeably, as their context will reveal, referring generally to cells experiencing abnormal cell growth rates. Neoplasias and hyperplasias include “tumors,” which may be either benign, premalignant or malignant.

The terms “neoplasia,” “hyperplasia,” and “tumor” are often commonly referred to as “cancer,” which is a general name for more than 100 disease that are characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells. Examples of cancer include, but are not limited to: breast; colon; non-small cell lung, head and neck; colorectal; lung; prostate; ovary; renal; melanoma; and gastrointestinal (e.g., pancreatic and stomach) cancer; and osteogenic sarcoma.

In one embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: pancreatic cancer, melanomas, breast cancer, lung cancer, bronchus cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, pancreas cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, urinary bladder cancer, brain or central nervous system cancer, p ripheral nervous system cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, uterine or endometrial cancer, cancer of the oral cavity or pharynx, liver cancer, kidney cancer, testicular cancer, biliary tract cancer, small bowel or appendix cancer, salivary gland cancer, thyroid gland cancer, adrenal gland cancer, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, cancer of hematological tissues.

Immune Responses to Infectious Agents

Upregulation of immune responses may be in the form of enhancing an existing immune response or eliciting an initial immune response. For example, enhancing an immune response by modulation of ILT3 may be useful in cases of viral infection. As anti-ILT3 binding molecules act to enhance immune responses, they would be therapeutically useful in situations where more rapid or thorough clearance of pathogenic agents, e.g., bacteria and viruses would be beneficial.

As used herein, the term “viral infection” includes infections with organisms including, but not limited to, HIV (e.g., HIV-1 and HIV-2), human herpes viruses, cytomegalovirus (esp. Human), Rotavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Varicella Zoster Virus, hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus, paramyxoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, mumps virus, human papilloma viruses (for example HPV6, 11, 16, 18 and the like), flaviviruses (e.g. Yellow Fever Virus, Dengue Virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus) or influenza virus.

As used herein, the term “bacterial infections” include infections with a variety of bacterial organisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Examples include, but are not limited to, Neisseria spp, including N. gonorrhea and N meningitidis, Streptococcus spp, including S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. mutans; Haemophilus spp, including H. influenzae type B, non typeable H. influenzae, H ducreyi; Moraxella spp, including M. catarrhalis, also known as Branhamella catarrhalis; Bordetella spp, including B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica; Mycobacterium spp., including M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. leprae, M. avium, M. paratuberculosis, M. smegmatis; Legionella spp, including L. pneumophila; Escherichia spp, including enterotoxic E. coli, enterohemorragic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli; Vibrio spp, including V. cholera, Shigella spp, including S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae, S. flexnerii; Yersinia spp, including Y. enterocolitica, Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Campylobacter spp, including C. jejuni and E. coli; Salmonella spp, including S. typhi, S. paratyphi, S. choleraesuis, S. enteritidis; Listeria spp., including L. monocytogenes; Helicobacter spp, including H. pylori; Pseudomonas spp, including P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp., including S. aureus, S. epidermidis; Enterococcus spp., including E. faecalis, E. faecium; Clostridium spp., including C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. difficile; Bacillus spp., including B. anthracia; Corynebacterium spp., including C. diphtheriae; Borrelia spp., including B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. andersonii, B. hermsii; Ehrlichia spp., including E. equi and the agent of the Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis; Rickettsia spp, including R. rickettsii; Chlamydia spp., including C. trachomatis, C. neumoniae, C. psittaci; Leptsira spp., including L. interrogans; Treponema spp., including T. pallidum, T. denticola, T. hyodysenteriae. Preferred bacteria include, but are not limited to, Listeria, mycobacteria, mycobacteria (e.g., tuberculosis), Anthrax, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes.

In another embodiment, T cells can be removed from a patient, and contacted in vitro with an anti-ILT3 binding molecule, optionally with an activating signal (e.g., antigen plus APCs or a polyclonal antibody) and reintroduced into the patient.

Anti-ILT3 binding molecules may also be used prophylactically in vaccines against various pathogens. Immunity against a pathogen, e.g., a virus, could be induced by vaccinating with a viral protein along with an ILT3 binding molecule (as described above). Alternately, an expression vector which encodes genes for both a pathogenic antigen and an ILT3 binding molecule, e.g., a vaccinia virus expression vector engineered to express a nucleic acid encoding a viral protein and a nucleic acid encoding an ILT3 binding molecule, can be used for vaccination. Pathogens for which vaccines may be useful include, for example, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, HIV-1, HIV-2, tuberculosis, malaria and schistosomiasis.

The present invention further encompasses binding molecules conjugated to a diagnostic or therapeutic agent. The binding molecules can be used diagnostically to, for example, monitor the development or progression of a tumor as part of a clinical testing procedure to, e.g., determine the efficacy of a given treatment regimen. Detection can be facilitated by coupling the antibody to a detectable substance. Examples of detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, radioactive materials, positron emitting metals using various positron emission tomographies, and nonradioactive paramagnetic metal ions. The detectable substance may be coupled or conjugated either directly to the binding molecule or indirectly, through an intermediate (such as, for example, a linker known in the art) using techniques known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,741,900 for metal ions which can be conjugated to binding molecules for use as diagnostics according to the present invention. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; and examples of suitable radioactive material I²⁵, I¹³¹, I¹¹¹, In^(99TC)

Further, a binding molecule may be conjugated to a therapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, e.g., a cytostatic or cytocidal agent, a therapeutic agent or a radioactive metal ion, e.g., alpha-emitters such as, for example, ²¹³Bi. A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples include paclitaxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof. Therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, camustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU), cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP) cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly daunomycin) and doxorubidn), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine and vinblastine).

The present invention is further directed to binding molecule-based therapies which involve administering binding molecules of the invention to an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human, patient for treating, detecting, and/or preventing one or more of the disclosed diseases, disorders, or conditions. Therapeutic compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, binding molecules of the invention (including analogs and derivatives thereof as described herein) and anti-idiotypic binding molecules as described herein. The binding molecules of the invention can be used to treat, diagnose, inhibit or prevent diseases, disorders or conditions associated with aberrant activity of ILT3, including, but not limited to, any one or more of the diseases, disorders, or conditions described herein (e.g., binding molecules of the invention may be provided in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions as known in the art or as described herein.

The binding molecules of this invention may be advantageously utilized in combination with other monoclonal or chimeric binding molecules, or with lymphokines or hematopoietic growth factors (such as, e.g., IL-2, IL-3 and IL-7), for example, which serve to increase the number or activity of effector cells which interact with the binding molecules.

The binding molecules of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with other types of treatments (e.g., radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy and anti-tumor agents, antibiotics, and immunoglobulin). Generally, administration of products of a species origin or species reactivity (in the case of binding molecules) that is the same species as that of the patient is preferred. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, human binding molecules, derivatives, analogs, or nucleic acids, are administered to a human patient for therapy or prophylaxis.

A binding molecule of the invention can be administered to a human subject for therapeutic purposes. Moreover, a binding molecule of the invention can be administered to a non-human mammal expressing ILT3 with which the binding molecule cross-reacts (e.g., a primate) for veterinary purposes or as an animal model of human disease. Regarding the latter, such animal models may be useful for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of binding molecules of the invention (e.g., testing of dosages and time courses of administration).

The present invention is further directed to binding molecule-based therapies which involve administering binding molecules of the invention to an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human, patient for treating, detecting, and/or preventing one or more of the disclosed diseases, disorders, or conditions. Therapeutic compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, binding molecules of the invention (including analogs and derivatives thereof as described herein) and anti-idiotypic binding molecules as described herein. The binding molecules of the invention can be used to treat, diagnose, inhibit or prevent diseases, disorders or conditions associated with aberrant activity of ILT3, including, but not limited to, any one or more of the diseases, disorders, or conditions described herein (e.g., binding molecules of the invention may be provided in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions as known in the art or as described herein).

VI. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS

The binding molecules of the invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a subject. Typically, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a binding molecule of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein the language “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it is preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, and sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

The compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

In one embodiment, the binding molecules of the invention are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations should be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Compounds which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects can be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.

The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma can be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.

VII. ADMINISTRATION OF BINDING MOLECULES OF THE INVENTION

Binding molecules of the invention are administered to subjects in a biologically compatible form suitable for pharmaceutical administration in vivo. By “biologically compatible form suitable for administration in vivo” is meant a form of the agent to be administered in which any toxic effects are outweighed by the therapeutic effects of the binding molecule.

Administration of a therapeutically active amount of the therapeutic compositions of the present invention is defined as an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary to achieve the desired result. For example, a therapeutically active amount of binding molecule may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the binding molecule to elicit a desired response in the individual. Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses can be administered daily or the dose can be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may include a “therapeutically effective amount” or a “prophylactically effective amount” of a binding molecule of the invention. A “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result. A therapeutically effective amount of the binding molecule may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the binding molecule to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the binding molecule are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. A “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount.

Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic or prophylactic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the mammalian subjects to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic or prophylactic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in individuals.

An exemplary, non-limiting range for a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a binding molecule of the invention is 0.1-20 mg/kg, more preferably 1.0-10 mg/kg. It is to be noted that dosage values may vary with the type and severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition.

The binding molecule can be administered in a convenient manner such as by injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, etc.), oral administration, inhalation, transdermal application, or rectal administration. Depending on the route of administration, the active compound can be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of enzymes, acids and other natural conditions which may inactivate the compound. For example, to administer the agent by other than parenteral administration, it may be desirable to coat, or co-administer the agent with, a material to prevent its inactivation.

The binding molecules of the present invention can be administered by a variety of methods known in the art, although for many therapeutic applications, the preferred route/mode of administration is intravenous injection or infusion. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results. In certain embodiments the active compound may be prepared with a carrier that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978.

In certain embodiments, a binding molecule of the invention may be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier. The compound (and other ingredients, if desired) may also be enclosed in a hard or soft shell gelatin capsule, compressed into tablets, or incorporated directly into the subject's diet. For oral therapeutic administration, the compounds may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. To administer a compound of the invention by other than parenteral administration, it may be necessary to coat the compound with, or co-administer the compound with, a material to prevent its inactivation.

Binding molecules can be co-administered with enzyme inhibitors or in an appropriate carrier such as liposomes. Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include saline and aqueous buffer solutions. Adjuvant is used in its broadest sense and includes any immune inhibiting compound. Adjuvants contemplated herein include resorcinols, non-ionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene oleyl ether and n-hexadecyl polyethylene ether. Enzyme inhibitors include pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DEEP) and trasylol. Liposomes include water-in-oil-in-water emulsions as well as conventional liposomes (Sterna et al. (1984) J. Neuroimmunol. 7:27).

The active compound may also be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations may contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.

When the active compound is suitably protected, as described above, the binding molecule can be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier.

Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions. In certain embodiments, a binding molecule of the invention is coformulated with and/or coadministered with one or more additional therapeutic agents that are useful for treating disorders in which ILT3 activity is detrimental. For example, an anti-ILT3 binding molecule of the invention may be coformulated and/or coadministered with one or more additional binding molecules that bind other targets e.g., binding molecules that bind other cytokines or that bind cell surface molecules. Such combination therapies may advantageously utilize lower dosages of the administered therapeutic agents, thus avoiding possible toxicities or complications associated with the various monotherapies.

In one embodiment, an agent of the invention is an antibody. As defined herein, a therapeutically effective amount of antibody (i.e., an effective dosage) ranges from about 0.001 to 30.0 mg/kg body weight, preferably about 0.01 to 25.0 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, and even more preferably about 1.0 to 10 mg/kg, 2 to 9 mg/kg, 3 to 8 mg/kg, 4 to 7 mg/kg, or 5 to 6 mg/kg body weight. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments. In a preferred example, a subject is treated with antibody in the range of between about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, preferably between 2 to 8 weeks, more preferably between about 3 to 7 weeks, and even more preferably for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of antibody used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result from the results of diagnostic assays.

This invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application, as well as the Figures, are incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Isolation and Purification of 9B11

The gene encoding ILT3 was cloned and used to immunize mice for generation of anti-ILT3 monoclonal antibodies. The 9B11 antibody is an lgG1 antibody.

The 9B11 antibody was purified as follows:

-   -   1. Washed 20 ml Protein G (Pharmacia HR 10/30) with 5CV of dPBS     -   2. Loaded IL (run 1) or 2 L (run 2) of mILT3 supernatant     -   3. Washed with 10 CV of dPBS     -   4. Eluted with 100 mM Citrate, pH 2.8 directly into 1 M Tris         (20-25% v: v)     -   5. Stripped with 100 mM Citrate, pH 2.8, 0.3 M NaCl

The 9B11 antibody was shown to cross-react to cynomolgus monkey and baboon monocytes.

Example 2 Dendritic Cells Treated In Vitro with 9B11 have Lower Expression of Cell Surface Co-Stimulatory Molecules

MDDC were derived in the presence of either IL-10 or anti-ILT3 mAbs (5A1, 9B11, or 9G3). Immature and mature dendritic cells were used as controls. In addition MDDC were also derived in the presence of TRX1 as a negative control. The results are shown in FIG. 1 which demonstrates that MDDC differentiated in the presence of 9B11 have lower expression of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD86, CD80, CD83 and HLA-DR as measured by flow cytometry.

As shown above, cells that are differentiated in the presence of 9B11 demonstrate a decreased cell surface expression pattern of costimulatory molecules. Therefore, it is likely that these cells will be unable to generate an allogenic response of T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. As shown in FIG. 2, MDDCs differentiated in the presence of 9B11 result in anergic T cell stimulation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. DCs were added at either 500 or 1000 cells to 2×10⁵ T cells. The cells were stimulated for 3 days prior to the addition of ³H-thymidine.

Furthermore, MDDCs derived in the presence of 9B11 are unable to produce IL-12, TNF-α or IL-1α when stimulated with LPS. Monocytes were treated with GM-CSF and IL-4 on days 0 and 3. IL-10 or ILT3 (9B11; 10 μg/ml) was added on day 0 and 3. On day 5 cells were washed and LPS (5 μg/ml) and were added to the mature cultures. Supernatant fluid was harvested 48 hours after the addition of LPS. Cytokines were measured by ELISA (Pierce Endogen). Two different monocyte donors were used (donor #26 and donor #5) (FIG. 3).

Freshly isolated blood dendritic cells incubated with 9B11 were unable to fully upregulate the expression of co-stimulatory molecules when a cocktail of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and PGE) was used to mature the cells. Freshly isolated blood dendritic cells were incubated with 9B11 24 hours prior to the addition of the maturation cocktail. The cells were phenotyped 48 hours later to determine if treatment with 9B11 results in decreased expression of co-stimulatory molecules. As shown in FIG. 4, treatment of monocytes with 9B11 resulted in decreased expression of both CD86 and HLA-DR.

9B11 also inhibits Ca⁺² flux in monocytes induced by the activating immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), CD32. Monocytes were treated with anti-CD32 followed by a goat anti-mouse IgG, IgM to cross-link, which will result in significant Ca+2 flux. However, incubation with 9B11 prior to the addition of CD32 and cross-linking resulted in decreased Ca+2 flux by these monocytes. This was specific for the ILT3 antibodies as an isotype control (mouse IgG1) resulted in less inhibition of Ca+2 flux (FIG. 5).

Intracellular calcium flux studies using flow cytometry analysis was performed as described by Rabin, et al. (J. Immunol. (1999) 162:3840-3850). Briefly, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (2×10⁷) were suspended in HBSS-HEPES (HBSS supplemented with 10 mM HEPES, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, and 1% fetal calf serum). Indo-1 and pleuronic detergent (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) were added at final concentrations of 5 μM and 300 μg/mL, respectively. The cell suspension was incubated at 30° C. for 45 minutes with gentle agitation. Cells were then washed twice with the HBSS-HEPES, stained with anti-CD1a, and washed again. Calcium flux for CD1a+ dendritic cells was performed using a FACSVantage flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) equipped with an argon laser tuned to 488 nM and a krypton laser tuned to 360 nM. Indo-1 fluorescence was analyzed at 390/20 nM and 530/20 nM for bound and free calcium, respectively. Before stimulation, cell suspensions were warmed at 37° C. for 3 minutes. The CD1a⁺ cell population was gated, and baseline fluorescent ratios were collected for 30 seconds. Cells were then stimulated with either fMLP (10⁻⁵ M), T-20 peptide (10⁻⁵ M), or F-peptide (10⁻⁵ M) followed by fMLP (10⁻⁸ M). Collections continued until calcium flux returned to basal levels. Changes in Indo-1 fluorescence were expressed as the ratio of bound to free intracellular calcium, and scattergrams represented the entire CD1a+ cell population at the time of stimulation. Data analysis was performed using Flowjo software (Tree Star, San Carlos, Calif.).

Example 3 Dendritic Cells Treated In Vitro with 9B11 have Higher Expression Of Cell Surface Inhibitory Receptors

9B11 was also shown to upmodulate the expression of inhibitory receptors, e.g., receptors that generate a negative inhibitory in a cell. Monocytes were isolated using magnetic bead separation technology. The monocytes were treated every other day with 9B11, GM-CSF and IL4. On day 5, a portion of these cells were matured using IL1b, IL6, TNFα, and PGE2. Cells were incubated for a further seven days and then RNA was prepared from immature dendritic cells (iDC) (cells not treated with IL1b, IL6, TNFα, and PGE2) and mature dendritic cells (mDC). The RNA was used to generate cDNA for QPCR. The data is expressed relative to the housekeeping gene 18sRNA. A mouse IgG1 was used as an isotype control and both antibodies were used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml.

The results show that the culturing of monocytes such that they develop into dendritic cells in the presence of an ILT3 binding molecule causes some inhibitory molecules to upregulate. IDO (indolamine) is extremely overexpressed in ILT3 binding molecule treated cells. This molecule is associated with the generation of tolerance. Tolergenic dendritic cells have also been shown to express CD200R and have been shown to be tolergenic in vivo. CD200R and CD40L were also elevated in ILT3 binding molecule treated cells compared to isotype controls, and although 9B11 treatment increased expression of FCGRIIb and FCGRIIa, all of the samples had equal expression of FCGRIIa compared to FCGRIIb. The effect is specific to immature DC, as the expression of the same receptors on mature DC is no different from isotype control.

Example 4 In Vivo Characterization of 9B11

Rhesus macaques were immunized with 9B11 during the priming phase e.g., at days −1, 0, and +1, of a vaccination protocol using Mycobacterium tuberculosis as antigen. Subsequent challenge with antigen at day +18 resulted in exacerbation of a cutaneous DTH response. These results indicate that 9B11 acts as an adjuvant useful in enhancing immune responses (e.g., in the case of infection and or malignancy) with less associated morbidity compared to existing adjuvants.

Example 5 Preparation of a Chimeric Anti-ILT3 Binding Molecule

The 9B11 variable light chain region was grafted to a human light chain constant region using conventional molecular biological techniques. The IgG1 light chain constant region was used. The amino acid sequence of the complete chimeric light chain GITR binding molecule is shown below:

(SEQ ID NO: 25) DIVLTQSPATLSVTPGDSVSLSCRASQGLTNDLHWYQQKPHESPRLLIKY ASQSISGIPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTINSVETEDFGVFFCQQSNSWPFTFGA GTKLEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFNRGEC.

The 9B11 variable heavy chain was also grafted to a human heavy chain constant region using conventional molecular biological techniques. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region was used. The amino acid sequence of the complete chimeric heavy chain ILT3 binding molecule is shown below (also referred to as “Gly”):

(SEQ ID NO: 26) EVKLVESGGDLVKPGGSLKLSCAASGFAFSSYDMSWVRQTPEKRLEWVAT ISSSGSYTYYPDSVKGRFTISRDNARNTLYLQMSSLRSEDTALYYCERLW GAMDYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFP EPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICN VNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTL MISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQY N STYR VVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTL PPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSD GSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK.

Since the amino acid sequence NX(S/T) is a putative consensus sequence for a glycosylation site which may affect the production of the binding molecule, and lgG1 constant region of the 9B11 heavy chain has the sequence NST, a second version of the heavy chain constant region was prepared to conservatively substitute a glutamine for an asparagine at amino acid residue 296 (bolded and underlined above) of SEQ ID NO:27. Accordingly, a second human constant region was grafted to the 9B11 heavy chain variable region. The amino acid sequence of the complete chimeric heavy chain ILT3 binding molecule is shown below (also referred to as “Agly”):

(SEQ ID NO: 27) EVKLVESGGDLVKPGGSLKLSCAASGFAFSSYDMSWVRQTPEKRLEWVAT ISSSGSYTYYPDSVKGRFTISRDNARNTLYLQMSSLRSEDTALYYCERLW GAMDYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFP EPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICN VNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTL MISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQY A STYR VVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTL PPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSD GSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. 

1-26. (canceled)
 27. A method for upmodulating an immune response in a subject, comprising contacting a cell from the subject with an anti-ILT3 antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof that inhibits immune cell activation in vitro.
 28. (canceled)
 29. A method for treating cancer in a subject, comprising contacting a cell with an anti-ILT3 antibody, such that cancer is treated in a subject.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the type of cancer is selected from the group consisting of: pancreatic cancer, melanomas, breast cancer, lung cancer, bronchus cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, pancreas cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, urinary bladder cancer, brain or central nervous system cancer, peripheral nervous system cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, uterine or endometrial cancer, cancer of the oral cavity or pharynx, liver cancer, kidney cancer, testicular cancer, biliary tract cancer, small bowel or appendix cancer, salivary gland cancer, thyroid gland cancer, adrenal gland cancer, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and cancer of hematological tissues. 31-43. (canceled)
 44. The method of claim 27 or 29, wherein the anti-ILT-3 antibody comprises: a. a heavy chain variable region (VH) complementarity determining region 1 (VH CDR1) comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3; b. a heavy chain variable region (VH) complementarity determining region 2 (VH CDR2) comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; c. a heavy chain variable region (VH) complementarity determining region 3 (VH CDR3) comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; d. a light chain variable region (VL) complementarity determining region 1 (VL CDR1) comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; e. a light chain variable region (VL) complementarity determining region 2 (VL CDR2) comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; and f. a light chain variable region (VL) complementarity determining region 3 (VL CDR3) comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:
 8. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the anti-ILT-3 antibody comprises: a heavy chain variable region comprising amino acids 20-135 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a light chain variable region comprising amino acids 21-127 of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein said antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 18. 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain constant region.
 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the heavy chain constant region is a IgG1 heavy chain constant region.
 48. The method of claim 44, wherein the antibody comprises a human heavy chain constant region.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the antibody further comprises a human light chain constant region.
 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the heavy chain constant region is a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the human heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence shown in one of SEQ ID NOs: 28-29.
 51. The method of claim 44, wherein the antibody comprises: the VH CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 3; the VH CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 4, the VH CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 5; the VL CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 6, the VL CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 7 and the VL CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein framework regions of the VH are human VH framework regions, and wherein framework regions of the VL are human VL framework regions.
 52. The method of claim 44, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is selected from the group consisting of a single chain antibody, an scFv fragment, a Fab fragment, a F(ab)2 fragment, a humanized antibody, and a chimeric antibody. 